Bagg’scase 11 Co. Rep. 93 b.
R. v.University of Cambridge 1 Str. 557.
DeSmith, Woolf & Jowell, Principles of Judicial Review (Sweet & Maxwell,1999), pp.248-249.
Voinet v.Barrett 55 LJQB 39, at 41, per Lord Esher MR.
关于早期英国法的自然法渊源,参见Henry Maine,International Law, Lecture Ⅱ: Its Authority and Sanction;H. H. Marshall, Natural Justice (Sweet & Maxwell, 1959),pp.6-11.
R. v.University of Cambridge 1 Str. 557, at 567, per Fortescue J..
IanHolloway, Natural Justice and the High Court of Australia: A Study in CommonLaw Constitutionalism (Ashgate, 2002), p.13.
德沃金《法律帝国》,李常青译,中国大百科全书出版社1996年,第四章。
DeSmith, Woolf & Jowell, Principles of Judicial Review (Sweet & Maxwell,1999), pp.249-250; H. H. Marshall, Natural Justice (Sweet & Maxwell, 1959),pp.17-20.
DeSmith, Woolf & Jowell, Principles of Judicial Review (Sweet & Maxwell,1999), 250-256.
在巴格案件后75年,当洛克首先意识到国家存在三种不同性质的权力时,他说的行政权还仅仅是国王的“对外权”,也就是今天的国防、外交权力。洛克《政府论》(下篇),叶启芳、瞿菊农译,商务印书馆1964年,89-91页。甚至到18世纪中叶,当法国的孟德斯鸠观察英国的状况而借题发挥地阐述三权分立时,他描述的行政权离洛克并不太远。孟德斯鸠《论法的精神》(上册),张雁深译,商务印书馆1994年,155页。
Cooperv. Wandsworth Board of Works 14 CB 180.
Mersey Docks Trustees v. Gibbs LR 1 HL 93, at 110.
Cmd.4060 (1932), 73.
akkuda Ali v. Jayaratne AC 66.
R. v.Metropolitan Police Commisioner, ex parte Parke 1 WLR 1150.
H. Wade& C. Forsyth, Administrative Law (8th, Oxford Press, 2000),p.481. Also see, W. Wade, “The Twilight of Natural Justice?”,(1951)67 Law Quarterly Review 103. 其实,在这两个案件中,有关官员事实上已经事先告知当事人,并举行过听证会;双方争议的仅仅是一些更具体的听证形式的问题(在后一个案件中,警察拒绝了当事人传唤证人的请求)。法官本来完全可以说官员的行为已经符合了自然正义原则的要求,而不是说吊销营业执照不须听证,同样可以驳回原告的请求。
DeSmith, Woolf & Jowell, Principles of Judicial Review (Sweet & Maxwell,1999), pp.261-267.
HartleyShawcross, “The State and the Law”, (1948) 11 Modern Law Review 1, at 5.
DevlinJ., “Public Policy and the Executive”, (1956) Current Legal Problems 1, at 14.
G. W. Keeton, “The Twilight of the CommonLaw”, The Nineteenth Century and After (1949) 230, at 231. Also see, G. W. Keeton, “Natural Justice in EnglishLaw”, (1955) Current Legal Problems 24.
Ridge v. Baldwin AC 40.
R. v.Gaming Board for Great Britain, ex parte Benaim and Khaida 2 QB417, at 430. 其实,丹宁只说对了一半。里奇诉鲍德温案件没有放弃司法性行为这个概念,只是使争论一个行为是司法性的还是行政性的失去意义。司法性、准司法性行为这个概念逐渐淡出,但没有彻底消亡。
Re H. K.(an Infant) 2 QB 617, at 630, per Lord Parker CJ.
,“England and Wales Reported andUnreported Cases”,检索日期为2006年3月14日。LexisNexis上各个时段判决书的总量,不易统计。下面是几个年份的数字:1970年1186件,1980年2571件,1990年3495件,2000年5885件。有少量案件,同一份判决重复出现。
关于自然正义与程序公正关系的讨论,参见J. M. Evans,“The Duty to Act Fairly”, (1973) 33 Modern Law Review 93; D. Mullan, “Fairness:The New Natural Justice?”, (1975) 25 University of Toronto Law Journal 281; M.Loughlin, “Procedural Fairness: A Study in Crisis in Administrative Law Theory”,(1978) 28 University of Torento Law Journal 215; P. Craig, Administrative Law(5th, Sweet & Maxwell, 2003), pp.415-418.
ouncil of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service AC 374.
R. v.Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St. Germain QB 425; R.v. Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St. Germain (No.2) 1 WLR 1401; Leech v. Parkhurst Prison Deputy Governor AC533; R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parteHickey QB 43. 对该问题的详细讨论,参见M. Loughlin & P. Quinn, “Prisons, Rules and Courts: A Study inAdministrative Law” (1993) 56 Modern Law Review 497.
R. (onthe application of Smith) v. Parole Board UKHL 1.
Nagle v. Fielden 2 QB 633;McInnes v. Onslow-Fane 3 All ER 211.
Gaiman v. National Association forMental Health Ch. 317
Lawlorand Others v. Union of Post Office Workers Ch. 712.
Glynn v. Keele University 1 WLR 487; Brighton Cpn. v. Parry 70 LGR576.
R. v.Aston University Senate, ex parte Roffey 2 QB 538; Herring v.Templeman 3 All ER 569; R. v. Liverpool John Moores University, ex parte Hayes ELR 261.
|